Physiological, biochemical, and pathological parameters are essential endpoints in preclinical studies, providing valuable information about the effects of a substance on the animal or cellular system under investigation. These endpoints are used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the substance and to determine the appropriate dose range for subsequent studies.

Physiological parameters are measurements of the normal functioning of the body systems and organs, such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature. These parameters can be measured using non-invasive techniques, such as telemetry or blood pressure monitoring.

Biochemical parameters are measurements of the chemical and metabolic processes occurring in the body, such as serum levels of enzymes, hormones, and proteins. These parameters can be measured using blood or tissue samples and provide insight into the effects of the substance on the body’s metabolic pathways.

Pathological parameters are measurements of the structural and functional changes in the organs or tissues of the animal, such as histopathology evaluation of tissues. These parameters are used to identify any potential toxic effects of the substance on the animal.

Other parameters that can be measured in preclinical studies include pharmacokinetic parameters, such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the substance, as well as pharmacodynamic parameters, such as the effects of the substance on the biological processes or disease outcomes.

The selection of appropriate physiological, biochemical, and pathological parameters is essential to ensure that preclinical studies provide meaningful and relevant data. The selection of endpoints should be based on the substance’s intended use and the potential risks associated with its use. The endpoints should be sensitive and reliable, and should provide a clear understanding of the substance’s effects on the animal or cellular system under investigation. The selection of appropriate endpoints should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the substance’s intended use, its potential toxicity, and the animal model or cellular system being used.