Environmental toxicology is a sub-discipline of toxicology that focuses on the study of how pollutants and other environmental factors affect living organisms and their ecosystems. Environmental toxicology is an essential field of study because it provides insights into how human activities impact the natural environment and the health of living organisms. Environmental toxicology involves the…

Toxicology is the study of adverse effects caused by chemical, physical, or biological agents on living organisms. Toxicology studies are essential for determining the safety and potential hazards associated with various substances, including drugs, food additives, and industrial chemicals. There are several types of toxicology studies, and each serves a specific purpose in evaluating the…

What is the scientific method? The scientific method is a process that is used by scientists to study the world around us. It is a way of asking questions and finding answers. The scientific method is not just one thing; it is a way of thinking. It is a way of looking at the world…

What is scientific research? The simplest definition of research is gathering, organizing, and implementing information in order to understand, explain, or prove a certain theory or a topic. Even though research is vital in both scientific and non-scientific fields, one of the most relevant and comprehensive types of research is scientific research. Scientific research uses…

A clinical study is a research study in which people volunteer to participate. The purpose of a clinical study is to answer specific questions about new therapies or new ways of using known treatments. Clinical studies are the main way that doctors find out if a new medical approach is safe and effective. The main…

Non-clinical studies are those that are conducted outside of a healthcare setting, such as in a laboratory. They are an important part of the drug development process, providing information on how a new drug behaves in the body and how it is metabolized. Non-clinical studies are also important for safety testing. Benefits of non-clinical studies:…

PK/PD studies for toxicology Pharmacology is the study of medication interactions with the human body with the interconnection of two major categories: pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study and description of drug activity in the body throughout time, including the mechanisms by which medications are absorbed, transported throughout the body, localized…

Current Developments in Toxicology: Science and Industry When examining the toxicology of a chemical substance, animal models are used via acute, sub-chronic, or chronic exposure to study undesirable alterations in the structure or function of an experimental animal such as cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity. During these processes, millions of animals are forced to consume…

History, Duty & Importance of Good Laboratory Practice in pharmacology and toxicology Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) are the norms and standards that govern drug safety investigations in nonclinical animal research. In response to a lack of quality and scientific uprightness in nonclinical toxicity studies in the mid-1970s, the FDA released the Guidance for Industry Good…